The idea of inanimate objects coming to life as intelligent beings has been around for a long time. The ancient Greeks had myths about robots, and Chinese and Egyptian engineers built automatons. The beginnings of modern AI can be traced to classical philosophers' attempts to describe human thinking as a symbolic system.
But the field of AI wasn't formally founded until , at a conference at Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire, where the term " artificial intelligence " was coined.
AARON has been able to make pictures autonomously for decades; even in the late s Cohen was able to joke that he was the only artist who would ever be able to have a posthumous exhibition of new works created entirely after his own death. Are the pictures the evolving program has made over the last four decades really works by Harold Cohen, or independent creations by AARON itself, or perhaps collaborations between the two?
It is a delicate problem. AARON has never moved far out of the general stylistic idiom in which Cohen himself worked in the s, when he was a successful exponent of color field abstraction. Ken Olsen, founder of Digital Equipment Corporation, was among the first business leaders to realise the commercial benefit of AI.
The new commercial systems were far less ambitious than early AI. That meant they only needed to be programmed with the rules of a very particular problem. The first successful commercial expert system, known as the RI, began operation at the Digital Equipment Corporation helping configure orders for new computer systems. Members of the IBM T. Expert systems couldn't crack the problem of imitating biology. Brooks was inspired by advances in neuroscience, which had started to explain the mysteries of human cognition.
Vision, for example, needed different 'modules' in the brain to work together to recognise patterns, with no central control. Brooks argued that the top-down approach of pre-programming a computer with the rules of intelligent behaviour was wrong. He helped drive a revival of the bottom-up approach to AI, including the long unfashionable field of neural networks.
Richard Wallace develops the chatbot A. Deep Blue "thinks like God" according to Gary Kasparov. Supporters of top-down AI still had their champions: supercomputers like Deep Blue, which in took on world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
The IBM-built machine was, on paper, far superior to Kasparov - capable of evaluating up to million positions a second. But could it think strategically? The answer was a resounding yes. The supercomputer won the contest, dubbed 'the brain's last stand', with such flair that Kasparov believed a human being had to be behind the controls. Some hailed this as the moment that AI came of age. But for others, this simply showed brute force at work on a highly specialised problem with clear rules.
The Roomba vacuum has cleaned up commercially — over 10 million units have been bought across the world. Rodney Brook's spin-off company, iRobot, created the first commercially successful robot for the home — an autonomous vacuum cleaner called Roomba. Cleaning the carpet was a far cry from the early AI pioneers' ambitions. But Roomba was a big achievement. Despite relatively simple sensors and minimal processing power, the device had enough intelligence to reliably and efficiently clean a home.
Roomba ushered in a new era of autonomous robots, focused on specific tasks. In November , a small feature appeared on the new Apple iPhone — a Google app with speech recognition. It seemed simple. But this heralded a major breakthrough.
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This work not only revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence but also became an important tool for many other branches of engineering and the natural sciences. Given the hardware limitations at the time, it took about 3 days still a significant improvement over earlier efforts to train the network. Shortly after, the human era will be ended. Artificial Intelligence is released, a Steven Spielberg film about David, a childlike android uniquely programmed with the ability to love.
None of the autonomous vehicles finished the mile route. In , it became the first to pass, in Nevada , a U. The Web especially Wikipedia is a great source for the history of artificial intelligence. Please comment regarding inadvertent omissions and inaccuracies. I'm Managing Partner at gPress, a marketing, publishing, research and education consultancy.
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